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A summary of the drainage features of upland limestone areas with annotated examples of each feature. Limestone is a pervious, permeable rock through which water can flow underground at swallow holes and water sinks. The water flows through underground cave systems depositing calcite crystal to form stalactites and stalagmites. The flow of meltwater during the ice age eroded the landscape to form what are today seen as dry valleys and gorges.

Use to introduce or consolidate lessons on limestone landscape. Students could produce annotated diagrams explaining the formation of the different physical features. Discuss the role of Quaternary climate change in the development of some of these features.