Liz Bonnin introduces a clip exploring plate movement on the San Andreas Fault off the coast of California.
LIZ BONNIN: Hi, I’m Liz Bonnin and this next clip looks at plates and eggs. The plates are tectonic plates that make up the Earth’s crust and are constantly moving very, very slowly. Either rubbing against each other or pulling away in different directions.
And the eggs, well they’re part of an underwater experiment carried out by a team of ocean scientists in the Sea of Cortez, off the coast of California and Mexico, right around here.
NARRATOR: Although life is changing fast here, change itself is nothing new to our seas and oceans. In fact, their size and shape are constantly shifting.
Oceanographer, Tooni, has brought the team west to the Bay of Conception, because here you can actually see that process in action.
Beneath these calm waters is a giant fracture in the Earth’s crust. It’s part of the infamous San Andreas Fault Line, and it created this sea.
TOONI: The Sea of Cortez is quite young in geological terms. The peninsula split away from the main coastline of Mexico about 5 million years ago. So it basically started tearing apart, and the great thing I like so much, is the fact that it’s still moving. The whole of the Baja Peninsula is moving pretty much west, at a rate of about 5cm a year.
NARRATOR: This bay offers Tooni the chance to look for evidence that this sea is getting bigger. And Paul’s hoping she’ll cook a snack in the process.
PAUL: Luis, can we have six eggs - huevos - would that be okay? Thanks very much, thank you. Here you go Lucy, don’t forget these! Mind your head. Good luck, happy cooking.
LUCY: Thank you!
NARRATOR: Tooni and Lucy are swimming over part of the San Andreas Fault Line. As the Earth’s crust is being ripped apart beneath them, heat and gas, from the centre of the planet, are escaping through cracks called hydrothermal vents.
TOONI: Oh look! Look at all these bubbles coming through!
LUCY: Oh, God, yeah.
NARRATOR: It’s rare to see a hydrothermal vent in 5 metres of water. They’re normally found deep beneath the surface.
TOONI: Oh look, you can see the heat shimmer! This shimmering water, where the hot water’s coming out of the ground and mixing with the colder sea water around it. And that’s the evidence of all the hydrothermal activity, accompanied by all the bubbles. (Lifting a stone) Oh, that’s hot! That’s really hot. It’s actually burning my fingers.
NARRATOR: This hot water is over 90 degrees centigrade. It once trickled down through cracks in the Earth’s crust towards the furnace of the inner Earth. There it was super-heated, and forced out into the Sea of Cortez.
TOONI: Right, so we’ve brought our eggs with us, and we’re gonna bury them here. Because it’s really, really warm here. And then we’re gonna take them back on board for lunch. We’re cooking in the sea floor. It’s not right.
NARRATOR: Hot, mineral-rich water like this is only found in places where fault lines are tearing the Earth apart. It proves that directly below the team, the Earth’s crust is slowly moving, and this sea is steadily growing.
Seas and oceans are thought of as immovable features of our planet. This dive has shown they’re anything but.
LUCY: It’s quite amazing to think that this action of the tearing apart of these two land masses is continuing. It’s been going on now for over 5 million years.
NARRATOR: But although this process created the Sea of Cortez it will also destroy it. As Baja California continues to move north-west, it will eventually break away from the mainland to become a giant island. Then the Sea of Cortez will disappear forever, engulfed by the rest of the Pacific Ocean.
PAUL: Hey, hey. I know what you’re holding! You can’t fool me! Boiled eggs! Hard-boiled eggs, soft-boiled eggs? Do you know what I’m struggling with? It’s soldiers! I don’t know what Spanish is for soldiers! That looks perfect to me.
MAN #1: That does look good!
LUCY: That is … a hard-boiled egg.
PAUL: That’s a perfect, perfect hydrothermal vent boiled egg. Is it okay to eat it? Of course it’s alright to eat it.
LUCY: Yeah you just need something to eat it with. You could do it like an oyster couldn’t you?
PAUL: I guess I could, couldn’t I.
TOONI: What, in one? Urgh!
PAUL: (He eats the egg) Well that’s absolutely brilliant!
TOONI: Did you just down an egg in one?
PAUL: It’s absolutely brilliant. Well I thought it was worth a go.
TOONI: Gross, you’re disgusting.
PAUL: Sea of Cortez, eating eggs cooked by Lucy and Tooni on a hydrothermal vent.
MAN #1: Awesome.
PAUL: Oh, cheers, mate.
LIZ BONNIN: And if you’re wondering why only one of those intrepid explorers was brave enough to try the eggs, I guess the rest were just too chicken. Sorry.
Liz Bonnin introduces this short film, which uses eggs to look at tectonic plate movements.
The clip explains how our oceans are constantly changing due to the underlying plate tectonics.
The team uses six eggs to explore whether or not the ocean is widening.
The eggs are placed on top of a hydrothermal vent and cooked - confirming that they are on a fault line where the Earth’s crust is slowly moving.
This short film is from the Â鶹ԼÅÄ series, Physical Geography with Liz Bonnin.
Teacher Notes
Key Stage 3
Students could locate this sea on a map and compare it to other tectonic plate boundaries around the world - marking where seas are growing compared to where seas are reducing in size.
Key stage 4
This short film could be used to introduce students to the idea of hydro-thermal vents before studying them in more detail and linking their knowledge to other parts of the world - e.g. Iceland.
They could map this location and compare it to the global pattern of plate boundaries.
Curriculum Notes
This topic appears in geography at KS3 and KS4 / GCSE in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and National 4/5 in Scotland.
More geography clips with Liz Bonnin:
What is the water cycle? video
Iain Stewart describes the water cycle and explains that water is constantly suspended in the atmosphere, yet we only notice it when it falls as rain.
How does a river change as it travels downstream? video
Liz Bonnin introduces a Â鶹ԼÅÄ archive clip of Sir David Attenborough as he follows the Amazon River downstream.
The erosion of the Grand Canyon. video
Liz Bonnin introduces the Grand Canyon with its complex and very ancient geology.
What coastal management techniques are being used on Hayling Island? video
This short film introduces the coastal management techniques used on Hayling Island in Hampshire.
What is a ‘spit’ and how does it form through longshore drift? video
Presenter Katie Knapman explains how a spit forms through longshore drift and is a dynamic feature- constantly changing the coastline.
The geological significance of the Jurassic Coast. video
A look at the Jurassic coastline and its geological significance with rocks spanning the Cretaceous, Jurassic and Triassic periods.
How has ice and other processes impacted the landscape of Yorkshire? video
Wildlife presenter Julia Bradbury explains how Malham Cove and the limestone pavement formed, highlighting the significance of glaciers on the landscape.
What does the North Norfolk coastline tell us about how glaciation shaped Britain? video
Presenter and biologist Alice Roberts explains how Britain used to be connected to Europe via a land-bridge but has changed with sea-level rise since the last Ice Age.
Glaciation of the Northern Hemisphere. video
Presenter Iain Stewart explains the glaciation of the Northern Hemisphere, looking at the El Capitan rock face.
What evidence is there for a changing climate in the UK? video
Countryfile presenter Tom Heap introduces the idea that the UK climate might be changing, with increased droughts, increased summer temperatures but wetter winters.
What can Anglesey tell us about the plate tectonics of Britain? video
Presenter Nick Crane uses a map to compare the geology of Anglesey to that of the rest of Britain - highlighting the diversity of rock types.
Deforestation and soya growth in Paraguay. video
Simon Reeves visits Paraguay to consider the deforestation that has occurred to grow soy and the challenge of conversation vs exploitation.
