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The United Nations (UN) is an international organisation founded in 1945. Its member countries have acted together to ensure global peace and security since the end of the Second World War. Its headquarters are in New York City.

The UN is responsible for international cooperation and, since its formation has set out several goals to ensure worldwide equality can be achieved.

Between April and June 1945, as the Second World War drew to a close, representatives from 50 countries met at the San Francisco Opera House to draw up the Charter of the United Nations.

It established the primary purpose, governing structure and overall framework of the United Nations.

On 26 June 1945, the charter was signed by the representatives of the 50 countries involved. It didn’t come into force until 24 October 1945, when the terms of the charter were ratified. This is the date now celebrated as United Nations Day.

There were 51 members when the UN was founded, after Poland was allowed to join in October 1945. Since then, it has grown considerably and as of 2021, it has 193 member states.

The UN Security Council has responsibility for international peace and security. It has 15 members, five of whom have permanent seats:

• United Kingdom
• United States of America
• China
• France
• Russia (who took the Soviet Union’s seat in 1991)

Since it was established, the United Nations has always set targets and goals for each of its members to meet and uphold.

The most recent goals set by the UN include the Sustainable Development Goals. These were introduced in 2015 with the intention of securing the UN’s long-lasting goals of peace and security, with an added emphasis on being more sustainable and ensuring countries are actively thinking of tackling matters such as climate change.

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals are:

1. No poverty
2. Zero hunger
3. Good health and wellbeing
4. Quality education
5. Gender equality
6. Clean water and sanitation
7. Affordable and clean energy
8. Decent work and economic growth
9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure
10. Reduced inequality
11. Sustainable cities and communities
12. Responsible consumption and production
13. Climate action
14. Life below water
15. Life on land
16. Peace, justice and strong institutions
17. Partnerships

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The United Nations has conducted over 70 peacekeeping missions since 1948.

South Sudan gained independence from the Republic of Sudan in 2011, making it the most recently formed country in the UN (as of 2021) and its 193rd member. Since its formation, the country has been plagued by endless civil wars and conflict.

On 8 July 2011, the UN’s Security Council decided that the situation in South Sudan presented a threat to international peace and security in the region. The United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) was established as a peacekeeping initiative to maintain peace and reduce conflict in the country.

The UNMISS set key areas to address whilst aiding South Sudan which included:

• ensuring the country has the support it needs for peace and can work on longer-term state building and economic development
• supporting the government with its responsibilities for addressing conflict and protecting its people
• supporting the government in developing its capacity to provide security, establish the rule of law, and to strengthen security and justice within the country

The UN would not be able to undertake these missions without the help of its member states. Many countries from across the world have contributed soldiers and police personnel to help maintain peace in South Sudan. A majority of these come from countries such as Rwanda, Nepal, Ethiopia and India.

Signing a new peace agreement in 2018, and having a government of national unity in place, reduced the level of political violence across the country. UN Protection Sites, which were built to protect those in imminent danger during intense conflict, were gradually redesignated as more conventional camps for those people who had been displaced.