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Anarchy
Henry I died in 1135 leaving the succession to be contested between his daughter, Matilda (or Maud) and his nephew, Stephen.
Stephen was the choice of the English and was first to arrive in London and he was crowned King.
Henry I's bastard son, Robert of Gloucester, supported his half sister, Matilda. He, with King David I of the Scots planned an invasion from the north. Stephen had also offended the Church and the Archbishop of York advanced against him. A terrible battle was fought, known as the Battle of Standards and Stephen won a victory.
Far from ending the controversies this proved a prelude to Civil War. In 1141 a huge rebellion broke out and Stephen I was taken prisoner at the Battle of Lincoln. Matilda had her chance, but was so arrogant and unfeeling that Stephen was released and welcomed back. By 1145 Stephen was back on the throne. In 1147 Robert of Gloucester died and Matilda's claim to the throne rested upon her son, Henry. Henry was a Plantagenet, his father was the Holy Roman Emperor.
Stephen's only son was killed and the people, the bishops and the magnates persuaded him to adopt Henry as his son and heir. In 1154 Stephen died and Henry Plantagenet became Henry II of England.
Stephen |
STEPHEN I (1096-1154)- Nephew of Henry I
- Crowned king of England on 22nd December 1135
- Married Matilda of Boulogne
- Had a life-long rival in Matilda, Henry I's daughter, who also had a strong claim to the English throne
- In February 1141 he was captured at the Battle of Lincoln and held in prison but Matilda mismanaged and Stephen regained the throne
- In 1153 both his queen and his eldest son died and he was persuaded to recognise Henry Plantagenet his nephew as his heir
- Died in October 1154
Matilda was known as Empress because of her first marriage to the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry V, but since she did not receive an imperial crown from the hands of a pope her correct title remained Queen of the Romans.
 
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| 1120 | Henry I's son drowns
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| 1128 | Matilda marries Geoffrey of Anjou
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| 1135 | Stephen I becomes king of England
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| 1138 | Civil war begins. David I of Scots invades England
Robert of Gloucester supports Matilda's claim
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| 1139 | Matilda lands in England
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| 1141 | Matilda and Robert of Gloucester defeat Stephen at Lincoln
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| 1145 | Stephen is victorious at Farringdon
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| 1152 | Henry Plantagenet marries Eleanor of Aquitaine
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| 1153 | Malcolm IV, king of Scots
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| 1153 | Henry Plantagenet is recognised as Stephen's heir
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| 1154 | Stephen dies
Henry II of England
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| 1162 | Thomas Becket becomes archbishop of Canterbury
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| KINGS OF SCOTLAND 11TH AND 12TH CENTURIES | | • | 1034-1040 Duncan I |
| • | 1040-1057 Macbeth |
| • | 1058-1093 Malcolm III Canmore |
| • | 1093-1097 Donald III Bane |
| • | 1097-1107 Edgar |
| • | 1107-1124 Alexander I |
| • | 1124-1153 David I |
| • | 1153-1165 Malcolm IV |
| • | 1165-1214 William I, the Lion |
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