麻豆约拍

Stephen Garcia is currently an Associate Professor of Psychology and of Organizational Studies at the University of Michigan. Stephen鈥檚 primary research program explores the psychology of competition through the lens of social comparison processes For example, his work has uncovered the N-Effect: this discovery reveals that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the motivation to compete decreases as the number of competitors increases when controlling for expected payoff.

Dr Maria Kavussanu is Senior Lecturer in Sport and Exercise Psychology at the University of Birmingham and an expert on morality in sport.聽 She investigates psychological and physiological effects of competitions in sport. Her research confirmed that in competitions, enjoyment goes up, effort goes up and anxiety also goes up, all with corresponding physiological effects.

Philip Mansel is a historian of courts and cities, and of France and the Ottoman Empire. He has particular interest in Levantine cities and has published eleven books of history and biography, including Constantinople: City of the World鈥檚 Desire 1453-1924 and Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean. His latest book is Aleppo: The Rise and Fall of Syria鈥檚 Great Merchant City.