ࡱ> >@=%` {bjbjNN .&,,{6666J,jjjjjjjj{,},},},},},},$-h0,jj,jj,cccNjj{,c{,cccj^ `ïL6Fc{,,0,c0@0cc0wjcjjj,,Y jjj,   The Book of Irish Writers, Chapter 29 - Augusta Gregory, 18521932 Lady Gregory was born Isabella Augusta Persse at Roxborough House in Co Galway. Despite the familys wealth, little was expected of Augusta since she was the youngest daughter of 16 children! From an early age she displayed independence and a desire for learning - but had little opportunity to exercise either: The house of Roxborough had once been attacked by Whiteboys It seemed a good occasion for being allowed to learn to shoot with my brothers, but that was in those days not thought fitting, even in self-defence, for a girl At the age of 28 she married Sir William Gregory of Coole Park in Galway he was 35 years her senior. And so began her real education - the couple mixed in political and cultural circles in London and traveled widely. Augusta started writing in the very early days of her marriage. Her unpublished An Emigrants Notebook, a series of memoirs of her childhood home, shows her abiding interest in character sketches and the stories that people tell. When Sir William died in 1892 after 12 years of marriage - Augusta edited his autobiography and his grandfathers political papers. This led her to study Irish history and to become fully aware of the needs of the majority of the population in Ireland. She was also aware of Irelands developing literary activity - and was an admirer of the poet W. B. Yeats. What would be a lifelong collaboration began in 1897 Augusta now in her mid forties - invited Yeats to Coole Park for the summer, an arrangement that would last for 20 summers to come. Their first major venture was the establishment of the Irish Literary Theatre -which would become the Abbey in 1904. This would have been impossible without Augustas practical and financial help. Her first solo works were Cuchulain of Muirthemne in 1902, and Gods and Fighting Men in 1904. These were versions of the Tin B Cailnge and the Fianna legends featuring Finn McCool. In writing them she invented what came to be called Kiltartan English, a style based on the speech of the peasantry near Coole. So, all the characters speak like this - It is a wonder to me this place is, and it without a house, without a dwelling place. To see it the way it is now, Ochone! It is bitterness to my heart. Augusta toned down the sex and violence of the original tales and emphasised the nobility of the heroes - not just because of her Victorian upbringing, but also because of the ambition she shared with Yeats to overturn negative stereotypes of the Irish and to replace them with a sense of Irelands dignity. One of their most famous attempts to emphasise Irelands dignity was the play they wrote together in 1902 - Cathleen ni Houlihan. The old woman, Cathleen, an embodiment of Ireland, is transformed into a beautiful young queen when a young man promises to fight and die for her. Augustas peasant dialogue in the play contrasts with Yeats more poetic nationalism. Aged 50, Gregory emerged as a dramatist in her own right. With typical modesty, she claimed that she started to write plays only because there was a need for comedies to act as curtain raisers for more serious work. Between 1902 and 1927 she wrote 35 plays. Her one-act comedies, such as Hyacinth Halvey, provide a shrewd and unsentimental view of life in small communities. More political plays, like The Gaol Gate, ask difficult questions about the cost to individuals of nationalism. Her longer history plays, such as Grania, feature strong female protagonists. While she encouraged many writers, not least Sean OCasey, she herself was the most performed and the most successful of the Abbeys early playwrights. The First World War years were pivotal for her. Her nephew, Hugh Lane, died on the Lusitania, leaving behind a long legal battle over his collection of paintings. Even worse her only son Robert, was killed at the end of the war: Yeatss An Irish Airman Foresees his Death commemorates him. Gregorys later plays take a more mystical and religious turn in the wake of these events. Although Coole, unlike many big houses, survived the war of independence and the civil war, it was eventually sold to the new Irish state, with Gregory as a life tenant. During the 1920s she had successive operations for breast cancer, but in her final years she refused drugs, preferring to have a clear mind. Her Journals record her suffering: 23 Nov 1931: Agony These pains sometimes very hard to bear. But what can one do? Such waste of time when I cant write Yeats was here such a mercy and he is so kind tho I hide my suffering as far as I can Lady Gregory died at Coole in 1932 at the age of 80. 9C~ a % Q Z 0GUj}nԿzzzz```zzzKK(h$&h$&CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH 2h$&h$&6CJOJQJ]^J_H aJmH sH /h$&h$&6CJOJQJ^J_H aJmH sH ,h$&h$&CJOJQJ^J_H aJmH sH +h$&h$&6CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH (h$&h$&CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH .h$&h$&5>*CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH &h$&h$&5>*CJOJQJ^JaJCD  ~  a b = > & ' & ' MN|~O71$7$8$H$^7gd$& 1$7$8$H$gd$& 7]^7gd$&]gd$&{OPklBCxz{gd$&71$7$8$H$^7gd$& 1$7$8$H$gd$&P^zLTlBxyz{{j h$&hNCJOJQJ^JaJ#h$&h$&6CJOJQJ^JaJ#h$&h 6CJOJQJ^JaJ2h$&h$&6CJOJQJ]^J_H aJmH sH /h$&h$&>*CJOJQJ^J_H aJmH sH /h$&h$&6CJOJQJ^J_H aJmH sH ,h$&h$&CJOJQJ^J_H aJmH sH ,1h. 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