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State-run outlets dominate the media. Journalists operate under strict press laws and face harassment over their coverage.

US-based NGO Freedom House says: "Freedom of expression is constitutionally guaranteed but severely restricted in practice by draconian press laws and a dangerous operating environment for media workers."

Many journalists have fled the country since 2015. Radio is the main source of information for many Burundians. Many privately-owned stations were shut after the 2015 coup attempt.

The government banned FM transmissions of Â鶹ԼÅÄ World Service radio in 2019, accusing it of airing a documentary it said had damaged the country's reputation - it lifted the ban in 2022.

There were 1.6 million internet users by December 2021, comprising 12% of the population (Internetworldstats.com).

Social media serve as news sources in place of shuttered radio stations. They are also used for attempts at spreading disinformation, says RSF.