Media Action Insight Blog Feed

How do media in Bangladesh understand gender sensitivity?

2023-05-23T15:20:00+00:00

Bangladesh ranks 163rd in the world in the Press Freedom Index and journalists face difficult working conditions, with poor pay and little job security. �鶹Լ�� Media Action has been working through Protecting Independent Media for Effective Development (PRIMED) to support local media associations in their efforts at change. In this third of three articles, our guest blogger Udisa Islam, special correspondent for the Bangla Tribune, examines the issue of gender equality in media in Bangladesh.

The time has come to question how Bangladesh’s media outlets are navigating gender equality. Our mass media has reached adulthood, after a history of ups and downs. One significant way to measure the maturity of media is its sensitivity to issues of gender. We need to find solutions to the questions of why the media should become gender-sensitive, and how.

It is time to talk about the presence of women in media, the representation of women in media, and the working environment for women working in media.

It is cliché to state that journalism is challenging. Since the beginning of my work in the media, I have often heard that women face greater risk in this profession. In a country like Bangladesh, where only 12 percent of households are led by women and men retain most decision-making roles, it can be a challenge just to comprehend a woman’s life and identity outside the domestic sphere.

According to Management and Resources Development Initiative’s (MRDI) recent research, women journalists are facing discrimination, directly or indirectly, in media in Bangladesh. Only 10 per cent of media’s staff here are women, and very few are in decision-making positions. They recommend that to address this, media experts, society leaders, and development partners must work together.

Gender sensitivity in presentation and presence

But what about how women are represented in media? According to the MRDI study, most news stories including women do so either because they are in an important position, or part of an event. In most news stories, women are either the subject of the story or narrators of their experiences. Representation of women as experts is extremely rare, particularly in stories about politics and governance. However, in news about violence and torture, women are shown excessively.

Now let's examine gender sensitivity in presentation and presence. There have been positive changes identified, for instance, around how women are described, and ensuring that women who are abuse survivors can rely on anonymity in media. However, if we consider the rate at which our media has grown since 2000, this particular progress fails spectacularly to become noteworthy. As long as patriarchy is ingrained in our brains, simply 'following the rules' and behaving sensibly will in itself prove to be a Herculean task. If we do not adopt gender sensitivity in our own behaviour and personal life, then these negative habits are bound to be conveyed in media in one way or another.

How to achieve change

We like to think that we are learning to become 'gender sensitive', and taking training to learn it, and we have the opportunity to converse about these topics. But then, we are failing to remove the concept of patriarchy from our brains. As a result, overall and fundamental change is still a long way off.

However, if someone enters to journalism after preparing to become a more gender-sensitive person, follows ethical practices, and if there is an institutional practice of good journalism, then the number of women in media will increase and the representation of women in mass media will also change.

But as long as our media remain separated from this way of thinking, true freedom in representation might never become a reality.

Udisa Islam is a Special Correspondent for the Bangla Tribune. She can be reached at udisaislam@gmail.com.

Read the first blog in the series here - and the second here.

Read more about PRIMED here.

Realities and opportunities for Bangladesh's media

2023-05-17T14:12:06+00:00

Bangladesh ranks 163rd in the world in the Press Freedom Index and journalists face difficult working conditions, with poor pay and little job security. �鶹Լ�� Media Action has been working through Protecting Independent Media for Effective Development (PRIMED) to support local media associations in their efforts at change. In this second in a series of three articles, Bangladesh Global TV Editor in Chief Syed Ishtiaque Reza explores recent findings on working conditions for journalists in Bangladesh and discusses the pressures on local media.

"In our childhood, affluent people used to keep pet dogs. Later, people who gained wealth started to keep media.

These [media] are like Alsatian dogs."

This was a remark by a top politician at a public meeting in Bangladesh. This lawmaker is not alone. Many politicians and social stalwarts on many occasions make such disparaging remarks about journalists and the profession in general. And, in our sharply divided political environment, Bangladesh’s journalist community is also divided by politics. There are two trade union bodies, each with its own political allegiances..

Media are under political, economic and legal threats in Bangladesh. The economic impacts of the COVID—19 pandemic and of rising oil, food, fertiliser and other commodity prices due to the war in Ukraine is visible in every sector of the economy. This has sparked a cost-of-living crisis in Bangladesh, drained the central bank’s reserves at an alarming rate, and led the government into harsh austerity measures.

This has disrupted the media industry too. A new survey found that journalists from across the country are bearing great personal financial impact from this situation.

Economic calamity for media houses

Bangladesh media traditionally operates in a difficult environment. Even before this situation, media revenues were falling. The pandemic followed by the war’s impact on the national economy has just accelerated this deterioration, resulting in an economic calamity for media houses. The rise of social media and acceleration in mobile consumption have also forced changes in the way media companies usually make money, from advertising and selling their content.

According to data from the Information Ministry of Bangladesh, there are now 44 approved television channels, 22 FM radios, 32 community radios, 1,187 daily newspapers and more than 100 online news portals in Bangladesh.

A recent survey conducted by Broadcast Journalists’ Centre (BJC) among 23 television channels produced a very dismal picture of the broadcast industry. Only eight percent of television networks pay their employees regularly by the 10th of the month and only 50 percent of the channels pay festival bonuses. Only one television outlet has introduced gratuity benefits for employees, common in other industries as a reward for service. As many as 13 media houses have systems to terminate their employees without giving prior notice. Eighteen channels don’t cover medical expenses for on-duty injuries. There are no weekly and public holidays in 11 percent of the television channels. Almost all pay nothing for annual leave. The BJC survey also revealed that journalists do not talk about their legal rights, for fear of losing their jobs.

Ads drying up

With businesses closed, advertisements have dried up, adversely affecting the routine operation of the media industry. Media houses’ overall approach now is to tighten their belts. Newspapers have reduced pages; television channels have reduced their commissions. Their main focus is now low-cost talk shows on Internet platforms with live coverage for hours. Some newspapers and online portals have dismissed employees, while some have sent employees on forced leave.

Complicating media sustainability is that, over the past few decades, people with access to the corridors of power in business and politics have traditionally successfully influenced the dissemination of information through media houses, by owning a majority share in these outlets. They influenced content for their own interests. Media ownership significantly affects the perspectives presented in reporting, with bias and inefficiency then inevitable.

And now, the situation is allowing more opportunities for government voices and administrators to occupy spaces in media.

Failing to generate digital revenue

A few media houses have succeeded in drawing revenue from the digital space. But many have failed. Bangladesh’s media industry needs financial remodelling with more institutional approaches from the owners. Televisions and newspapers will not reach people without content that meet audiences’ demands.

We believe that political or business capture of the media cannot continue for long. People’s engagement with media is high; they seek quality information from reputable providers. Younger people have grown up with Internet culture; their desire to consume and pay is an indication of improving value. Connecting to this segment of the population will convince advertisers to invest more in reliable content. I have seen that the younger generation will pay for news - but they want more independent and public interest content.

Love what they produce

It is said that the media love a crisis. But now the media need to love what they produce: they must remain true to their mandate of public interest content. Without good journalism, the media here will simply die out; the current situation is a red signal to conventional media approaches. Digital professionals, digital audiences and digital platforms have come together to prioritise professionalism, and journalism for the people. And media houses must consider this in their business development strategies, in order to survive and think about their own value.

Today the media landscape is in real crisis – we have media against media, political challenges and even civil society challenges. All of these relationships are in urgent need of repair, redress and balance. We know that freedom without responsibility is as bad as governing without accountability. This extraordinary episode in time must serve as a reminder of this truth to us all.

Syed Ishtiaque Reza is the Editor in Chief of Global Television. He can be reached on ishtiaquereza@gmail.com

Read the first blog in the series here - and the third here.

Read more about PRIMED here.

Shoring up Bangladesh’s ‘fourth pillar’: Examining journalists’ rights and responsibilities in Bangladesh

2023-05-17T13:32:51+00:00

Bangladesh ranks 163^rd in the world in the Press Freedom Index and journalists face difficult working conditions, with poor pay and little job security. �鶹Լ�� Media Action has been working through Protecting Independent Media for Effective Development (PRIMED) to support local media associations in their efforts at change. In this series of three articles, we examine recent findings on working conditions, and hear directly from local journalists about the pressures on local media, and how to address gender representation in media.

The COVID-19 pandemic ended Selim (not his real name)’s 12-year career in television.

But Selim received no compensation or medical insurance from his former employer. And he was not alone: countless TV reporters in Bangladesh faced the same fate, due to the lack of a separate labour law for broadcast journalists in Bangladesh. Others who retained their jobs received irregular payments; most outlets did not follow national wage board structures.

Data from a recent survey conducted by the Broadcast Journalist Centre (BJC) shows the ‘fourth pillar’ of our state is at risk: their labour rights are not being protected, at outlet and national level.

Free press and media are crucial components of democracy. While celebrating the fundamental principles of press freedom, including freedom of expression, as a driver for all other human rights, it is critical to also consider the neglect of basic employment standards for broadcast journalists in Bangladesh – and the subsequent impact on the media environment in the country.

According to data from the Information and Broadcasting Ministry, in Bangladesh, there are 44 approved televisions, 22 FM radios, 32 community radios, 1,187 daily newspapers, and more than 100 online news portals. The survey done by BJC covers only 23 TV channels – but sheds much light on working conditions and benefits provided.

Irregular pay, no benefits

The Broadcast Journalism Safety Report 2023 reveals some staggering figures. Among the stations they surveyed, only 8% pay regular salaries within the 10th day of every month, and 92% failed to pay salaries to journalists regularly. Only 2% of the channels had health and life insurance benefits for their employees; only 3% had created retirement funds. An estimated 12% of the channels had provisions for maternity leave and just 1% for paternity leave. And threats of lay-off loom large: 93% of the channels were reported to have fired employees without any prior notice, while 98% of the channels did not offer any compensation to dismissed employees. The report indicates that the Bangladesh Labour Act of 2006 is insufficient in protecting broadcast journalists’ rights.

The media industry in Bangladesh has evolved so much. But gender equality also remains a concern, both at media outlets, and in their content. A recent study done by MRDI shows female journalists face active and passive discrimination at work. Only 10% of total employees in organisations surveyed are women, and very few are in decision-making roles. Most outlets also do not have any written editorial guidelines to ensure fair and ethical treatment of women.

�鶹Լ�� Media Action aims to support all media outlets and their media professionals to practice stronger public interest journalism, so they can produce trusted content that keeps the audience at its heart. Our Protecting Independent Media for Effective Development (PRIMED) project is working to support the development of a healthier information ‘ecosystem’, addressing challenges for media outlets and in the broader information environment. This includes a series of workshops on gender representation in content and safeguarding and respect in the workplace, as well as addressing regulatory challenges. Through PRIMED �鶹Լ�� Media Action also supported its media partners to develop written editorial guidelines.

A new law

Recently, an initiative has been taken by the Government of Bangladesh to introduce a new law covering television journalists, the Mass Media Employees Bill. The Broadcast Journalist Centre (BJC) and other media associations are now advocating for changes to create a more inclusive and effective bill that truly protects their rights.

�鶹Լ�� Media Action and International Media Support (IMS) have been providing technical support to BJC to identify gaps and develop concrete recommendations, while empowering local and sector partners to drive forward positive change for media reform and protecting journalists’ working conditions.

The sector is encouraged by a response to this report from the Minister for Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, who acknowledged the needs and expressed his interest in a multi-party consultation among the owners of broadcasting channels, journalists, and representatives from the standing committee, with an eye to revising the law.

Critical need for trust

Right now, there is a critical need to retain and restore public trust in mainstream media in Bangladesh. BJC is developing a Code of Ethics for the industry with the technical support of �鶹Լ�� Media Action and IMS, aimed at improved editorial practices for all TV networks.

The combination of increased safety and security at work for journalists, and an entrenched and shared understanding of ethics, can truly boost public interest journalism.

This is the first blog in a series of three from Bangladesh. Read the second here, and third one here.

Read more about PRIMED here.

Time to unite in support of independent media

2023-03-28T09:36:31+00:00

Just over a year on from the first Summit for Democracy, the backdrop for this year’s event – co-hosted by the United States, the Netherlands, South Korea and Zambia – is both very different, and depressingly similar.

It is entirely different in that the Russian invasion of Ukraine has prompted concerted and deep seated effort among democracies committed to showing common cause with extraordinary Ukrainian resistance against autocratic invasion. As recently as 18 months ago, these same countries were still fractured and quarrelsome over issues as diverse as procurement of submarines and COVID vaccines. Today, and with some exceptions, they are mobilising with a fresh shared purpose in defence of the democratic idea, and in resistance to a country where control of ideas has become a defining and depressing mission.

But the backdrop to this Summit is also all too familiar in that most indicators suggest democracy as an idea remains in retreat. Autocracy as a force for organising societies in the interests of unaccountable power remains on the march. The latest V-Dem report on the state of democracy in the world makes for gloomy reading, reporting a new record of 42 autocratising countries - up by nine from the 33 reported in last year’s Democracy Report, which was itself then a historical record. For the first time in more than two decades, the world has more closed autocracies than liberal democracies.

A constant theme

There are other similarities. Attacks on independent media - the strategy used by autocrats to seize and control power – have become a constant theme in any analysis of democratic decline in recent years.

“Aspects of freedom of expression and the media are the ones ‘wanna-be dictators’ attack the most and often first,” finds V-Dem. “At the very top of the list, we find government censorship of the media, which is worsening in 47 countries.”

Autocracy is at risk of becoming a global norm and the route to its advance follows a clear, predictable and demonstrably very successful strategy: first and foremost, intimidate and co-opt the media, and second, deploy disinformation to polarise and divide society. “Autocratising governments are those that are increasing their use of disinformation the most,” finds the report. “They use it to steer citizens’ preferences, cause further divisions, and strengthen their support.”

A press conference in Ukraine

Signs of collective response

There are some signs that democracies are just beginning to recognise this and to respond collectively and determinedly, beyond the many fragmented initiatives which have characterised democracy support in recent years. One of the principal outcomes of the first Summit for Democracy was US President Joe Biden’s leadership in being the first country to commit substantial resources – up to $30 million – to a newly established International Fund for Public Interest Media (IFPIM).

Other heads of state committing resources included then-Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern of New Zealand and President Emmanuel Macron of France; countries as diverse as Taiwan, South Korea and Switzerland have also pledged their support. UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres had earlier voiced his support for the Fund’s establishment.

IFPIM, originally suggested by �鶹Լ�� Media Action, is now an independent entity that has raised almost $50 million and is being established in Paris, with a board co-chaired by Nobel Peace Prize winner Maria Ressa and former head of the �鶹Լ�� and the New York Times, Mark Thompson. In addition to a promising and significant source of new finance for independent media in low- and middle-income countries, IFPIM is positioning itself as a symbol of multilateral cooperation in defence of democracy. With support and representation from a broad range of countries, it aims to move beyond the idea that democratic defence is a preserve of the “West” – that, rather, democracy is a universal value and some of its greatest advocates can be found where upholding it is often most challenging.

A slow financial response

All that being said, autocrats still have it depressingly easy and the financial response required to protect independent media around the world is still being mounted by just a very small number – principally the US, Sweden, Switzerland and now France. Several are actually reducing their support. Total support as reported to the OECD stands at just 0.3% of development assistance; miniscule amounts of that support actually finds its way into the coffers of independent media who are under increasingly existential economic, as well as political, pressure.

The COVID pandemic made the autocratic task of undermining media easier still, as already crumbling business models further undermined the resilience of independent media. “In low- and middle-income countries, where many outlets operate in an unstable business environment and have limited access to investment capital, philanthropy and government support, the pandemic threatens the fundamental existence of free, fair, independent news media ecosystem,” found a major 2022 report published by UNESCO and the Economist Intelligence Unit.

�鶹Լ�� Media Action is proud of the role it has played in helping to seed IFPIM, which is now entirely independent, and of other work to support independent media around the world. This has included, for example, facilitating the creation of a National Action Plan on independent media in Sierra Leone, and advising the Indonesian government on a new Presidential Regulation for Publishers’ Rights, ensuring media outlets are paid by the digital platforms and aggregators that carry their content.

An existential financial threat

But efforts like these, and those of other media support responses, cannot succeed unless there is a clear recognition of the existential financial threat that most independent media face. For that to happen, many more countries need to step up their currently negligible contributions to media support. Given the small sums involved, and the immense contributions of independent media to defending democracy and resisting autocracy, these are some of the best value-for-money investments possible.

A similar tide needs to turn on disinformation and toxic polarisation. �鶹Լ�� Media Action is playing a key role here, too.

V-Dem has recommended that, to counter autocratisation, “pro-democratic actors could pursue strategies such as dialogues and civic education seeking to reduce political polarisation and to increase citizens’ resistance to the spread of disinformation.” We work at scale, providing support to more than 250 media partners worldwide to effectively disseminate trustworthy information while scrutinizing and exposing propaganda and disinformation. Last year, we reached over 120 million people with programming designed to encourage debate, dialogue and access to trusted information across divides. We are currently conducting research to gain insight into the factors that influence people's beliefs and their tendency to share information with others. In partnership with the University of Cambridge, we are working to support the creation of content that can scale up the application of ‘inoculation theory’ as a pre-bunking approach to build people’s resilience to mis- and disinformation theory to help prevent the spread of false or hate-filled narratives and news.

Glimmers of light

The tide may look like it is going out on democracy. But there are glimmers of light emerging, and not just with resistance to Russia. Many of the trends V-Dem highlights can work in reverse. It argues that while “disinformation is like a stick used by anti-pluralist parties to stir up polarisation,” the opposite also holds true: as democratisation takes hold, governments find it ever more difficult to spread disinformation.

If democracies all over the world can continue to find common cause, to work together rather than at odds with one another, to establish new multilateral institutions like IFPIM and take maximum advantage of innovation in combatting disinformation, the autocratic wave can be reversed. But there is a long way to go before that becomes reality.

---

James Deane is Head of Policy at �鶹Լ�� Media Action. He has spent much of the last three years working with others to develop the International Fund for Public Interest Media.

A journey towards viable and trusted public interest media in Sierra Leone

2022-05-06T10:32:55+00:00

Sierra Leone’s media landscape has grown significantly since the end of the civil war in 2002. By 2021, there were over 500 registered media outlets, including newspapers and magazines, radio, television and direct to home services, according to the country’s media regulator, the Independent Media Commission (IMC).

This growth has been seen as a positive step toward media pluralism. But that is without taking into account the economic viability, independence, and subsequent ability to produce trusted public interest content. In fact, over half of Sierra Leone’s registered media outlets are either not operational at all, or are frequently off-air or out of circulation.

In such an environment, they cannot fulfil the critical role of media in the public interest – sharing trusted information, providing space for dialogue and debate, and holding leaders to account.

Economic implications for media

These deep-seated challenges of the media reflect the economy of Sierra Leone more broadly. Sierra Leone has low gross domestic product (GDP), a growing, but largely unproductive public sector dominated by patron-client politics, and is driven largely by subsistence informal economy. These socio-economic and political features also have implications for media’s operations.

However, even with these challenges, Sierra Leone’s media sector has seen tremendous legal reforms, following decades of advocacy by civil society, media organisations and donors. Particularly problematic was a draconian, colonial-era seditious libel law that criminalised the media profession. In 2020 and 2021, Sierra Leone’s Parliament repealed the criminal libel laws contained in Part 5 of the Public Order Act of 1965, and enacted a new IMC Act and Cyber Security and Crimes Act.

Support for reform

�鶹Լ�� Media Action has supported reforms to media laws and policies through its Protecting Independent Media for Effective Development (PRIMED) media support consortium. With PRIMED support, the IMC has revised the code of practice for journalists and complaint mechanisms; the central government also provides annual subsidies to the Sierra Leone Association of Journalists, in the amount of 500 million Leone (about £32,000). All these initiatives were critical to unshackle the media, provide an environment for investment, and create a basis for the production and dissemination of freely available public interest content.

Media that work in the public interest are essential to advancing democracy, prosperity, and stability. But these legislative and policy reforms alone are not enough to guarantee and sustain press freedom, and independent, pluralistic and trusted public interest content. A viable media must be able to balance income and expenditure to sustain free and fair journalism. As long as advertising markets dwindle, and without policies to guide government adverting, media houses were undoubtedly going to fall on the trappings of corruption, nepotism, and state capture.

Wooing investors

In recognition of these challenges – and undoubtedly also for political considerations - the President of Sierra Leone, on the occasion of the signing of a revised public order act, committed to organising a national media investment conference to woo investors into the media. To deliver on this political commitment, the Minister of Information and Communication gathered a committee of stakeholders from the media, government, private sector, and civil society to organise a national media investment conference. But one full year after the formation of this committee, no significant progress had been made - until �鶹Լ�� Media Action was invited to contribute technical and logistical support.

The idea of the media investment conference sat well with PRIMED’s objective to promote a viable media ecosystem, supporting the free flow of trusted public interest content. But we also sensed over-optimism on the part of the government, that merely bringing together private sector actors would result in large investment in the media sector. We knew this was impossible, given the economy of Sierra Leone and the changing nature of media globally.

Speakers and organisers pose ahead of the Sierra Leone National Media Viability and Investment Conference in Freetown, 21-22 April 2022. Photo courtesy of �鶹Լ�� Media Action Sierra Leone.

A wider conversation

But we were motivated by the conviction provided by the concept of a media investment conference, and the entry point it would provide for a wider conversation on media viability and investment. We recruited two consultants – one international and one Sierra Leonean – to design a national consultation that would lead to a binding constraints analysis, and a business case for media investment in Sierra Leone. We also commissioned six papers [LINK] to inform the process - including a political economy analysis of the media in Sierra Leone, the potential for investment, and examinations of advertising policies, models of public subsidies and global funding mechanisms for public interest media.

Formally opened by the president of Sierra Leone, HE Brigadier-General Julius Maada Bio, the National Media Viability and Investment Conference brought together 300 media industry stakeholders, the private sector, government and civil society leaders in a two-day gathering – both in-person and online, to discuss challenges limiting investment in the media, pathways for sustainable media funding, and options for improved financial viability that were both appropriate and context specific. The session culminated in a set of broad principles as recommendations for a National Action Plan for media viability in Sierra Leone, anchored around seven thematic areas:

The Government of Sierra Leone should continue to show the political will necessary to drive media market reforms
A review of the existing media legal and regulatory framework
The media should commit to re-engineering the industry in order to boost the potential for attracting private-sector investment and public subsidies
The Government should take affirmative action to promote community media and the public service broadcaster, the Sierra Leona Broadcasting Corporation (SLBC)
The introduction of a national policy on advertising
Government and development partners should commit to a national fund for public interest media
Stakeholders should seek to address the existing gender imbalance in the media industry

Broad national acceptance

The National Action Plan, still to be further developed with detailed activities and timelines, has broad national appeal and acceptance, and was unveiled by Mohamed Rahman Swaray, the minister of information and communications, at the UNESCO World Press Freedom Day Global Conference in Puta Del Este, Uruguay.

The next step is to present the plan to Sierra Leone’s Cabinet for review and approval – and it is after this stage that the real work of translating the plan into action will commence.

On the global stage in Uruguay, Sierra Leone’s progress was presented as a gold standard in the implementation of the Windhoek+30 commitment. This progress is also evident in Sierra Leone’s ranking in the 2022 World Press Freedom Index report published by Reporters Without Borders: now 46th out of 180 countries, jumping 29 places up from 75th position in 2021.

A �鶹Լ�� Media Action for PRIMED panel at the World Press Freedom Day Global Conference in Uruguay, 2 May 2022. Photo courtesy of UNESCO.

Time to consolidate gains

But it is critical now that the gains made in Sierra Leone are consolidated and strengthened. Evidence tells us that press freedom without an economically secure public interest media is not enough: media will remain subject to corruption, or find themselves incapable of holding the powerful to account. The economic crisis for public interest journalism has been made even starker by dwindling advertising income for traditional media and the financial impact of COVID-19.

Sierra Leone’s national media viability action plan, when supported and fully implemented, will strengthen the gains made in media’s legal landscape, and re-engineer the industry to boost its potential to attract private sector investment. It will support the establishment of advertising policies that are fair for all, and establish and roll out a national fund for public interest media with government and donor funding.

The plan will also provide a platform for collaboration among stakeholders - including government, media practitioners, the private sector, civil society and donors – to work together to support and guarantee the independence and viability of the media, so that they can provide freely available and trusted public interest content that is critical to democratic and national development.

The plan is a road map – but it requires piloting and support, especially at in this inception stage.

Idriss Mamoud Tarawallie speaks at the World Press Freedom Day Global Conference panel, 2 May 2022. Photo courtesy of UNESCO.

Protecting Independent Media for Effective Development is a media support consortium led by �鶹Լ�� Media Action working in Sierra Leone, Ethiopia and Bangladesh.

More information on the Sierra Leone National Media Viability and Investment Conference, and the research studies commissioned as part of the National Action Plan, can be found on our website.

PRIMED is funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office.

Understanding media audiences in Georgia

2022-01-25T14:38:27+00:00

Thirty years after declaring independence from the Soviet Union, Georgia is becoming increasingly cosmopolitan, with a highly connected young population and a robust media scene. But where do Georgia’s people turn to find reliable information – and how can truly independent media find financial support to continue? Our researchers set out to learn how.

In a media market where so many outlets have biases to match their financial backers, where do you go to find trusted information?

After 30 years of independence, Georgia has a relatively free media scene – scoring 60 out of 180 countries on the Reporters Without Borders’ Press Freedom Index in 2021, ahead of Poland and Japan. It enshrines freedom of speech in its constitution and has a large number of media outlets serving a population of four million people, held in part to account by a Broadcasters’ Code of Conduct.

But misinformation and political influence over media content abounds, and it’s hard for audiences to know what to trust. As part of our Eastern Partnership project to support independent media and improve editorial standards, we set out to learn how the Georgian people consume media, and how they feel about what they can access. In turn, our research would help inform the strategy and media programmes of our partners - Studio Monitori, Mtis Ambebi, Netgazeti and Batumlebi.

We took a wide measure, with representatives from five regions of the country, through 30 online focus group sessions and 48 in-depth interviews. Our respondents were equally divided between men and women, ranged in age from 18 to over 55, and included people with disability, people identifying as LGBTQI, and ethnic minorities – including Armenian, Azeri and Russian language speakers.

People at a newspaper stand in Tbilisi, Georgia. Credit: Getty images

What did we learn?

Our researchers found that overall, television and online sources of news are popular, with a perception of high levels of freedom of expression, but also with an understanding that they need to look at multiple sources of information to get beyond bias.

“It is positive that media is free but it is negative that they often spread fake news for the sake of having more followers,” said a 46-year-old woman in rural Adjara, in southern Georgia on the Black Sea cost.

“Probably, we can say that there is a variety of media, and if you do not like the information received on one channel, you can get information from other channels. In other words, I think this diversity is positive, you can choose which one to watch,” said a 20-year-old female student, also in rural Adjara.

Older people still follow familiar patterns of starting and ending their day with television, their primary source of media and information, while younger people follow online sources on smartphones. Younger people, in particular, are more likely to explore a diverse number of sources, including Georgian sites such as Interpress News, On.ge, Publika, Radio Liberty and Netgazeti, and international sources including �鶹Լ�� and CNN.

The role of language

For minority groups, their choice of media was primarily defined by the language offering; they felt their interests were not often represented in national media, and that society is not receiving enough information about their traditions and cultures.

“Journalists do not come to Svaneti, and do not broadcast anything about us, either good or bad. We have severe winters here, often no electricity, the roads are blocked, and we want this to be shown to others too,” said a 50-year old woman in Svaneti, a landlocked province in Georgia’s northwest which is home to the Svans ethnic group.

Our researchers also discovered a paradox in social media use: a majority of respondents reported going online daily, and their most common online source of information is Facebook, followed by YouTube. Yet Facebook was also identified as one of the least-trusted sources of information.

The future of independent media in Georgia

In researching how respondents felt about the Georgian media landscape, we found that audiences highly value neutrality and professionalism when choosing news, and they believe that independent media should be free from political party or government influence in editorial policy.

We also probed to find which media outlets and brands our respondents would support, in a hypothetical scenario in which they had 100 Georgian lari (about £24) to spend on media of their choice, to help it to continue to publish.

Overall, participants said they would financially support media they trust, including online sources, and recognised that regional and smaller media outlets would need more support than national outlets.

Younger audiences were more likely to say that they would support non-commercial online sources of media, including those that rely on donors such as Netgazeti and Radio Liberty. And a range of participants – while unhappy with its current performance – said they would help to fund the Georgian Public Broadcaster, if it were neutral and able to reflect society’s diverse needs.

Yet, while respondents say that, in theory, they are willing to pay for media, most do not – and there are few opportunities to do so. Most respondents didn’t subscribe to news or to any other services, like those focused on shopping or fitness, though some did acknowledge subscriptions to on-demand services like Netflix or Spotify.

More impartial and trusted content

Our work in Georgia focuses on developing editorial skills and media independence, working to the editorial standards of the �鶹Լ�� to build journalism and content that is more impartial and more trusted.

Our partners - Studio Monitori, Mtis Ambebi, Netgazeti and Batumlebi - have covered a wide variety of issues – including the opposition boycott of a Georgian parliamentary election, the latest developments in the global pandemic, investigations into illegal construction and analysis on the impact on Georgia of Russian agreements with neighbouring countries Azerbaijan and Armenia.

We’re also working to help independent media find ways of becoming more financially sustainable, in a market where advertising revenue is rarely enough to pay the bills. Our research helps our partners understand market conditions, what content resonates most with audiences to keep them engaged, and how to attract new audiences, to help them increase advertising revenue and prepare for an uncertain future.

Supporting independent media through coalition building - the ultimate stress test

2022-01-04T10:53:26+00:00

You could be forgiven for thinking (as I did) that coalition-building is a field of media development where international organisations can play only a modest role.

However, the experiences of local stakeholders who have been involved in long-running advocacy initiatives suggest otherwise. The “Coalitions for Change” workshop held by the PRIMED (Protecting Independent Media for Effective Development) programme, led by �鶹Լ�� Media Action, in autumn 2021 offered a unique insight into the potential for balanced partnerships between international and local actors to bring about systemic change.

Success requires understanding and political savvy

The challenges are daunting. Coalition-building is a complex set of moving parts that is, to a large extent, hostage to the vagaries of the political, economic and social landscape – and multiple factors over which international organisations have limited influence or control. There are no shrink-wrapped solutions or off-the-shelf frameworks. Success relies on an in-depth understanding of the local operating environment, trust-based relationships with key stakeholders and plenty of political dexterity.

At first glance, it is difficult to see how international organisations can bring added value to what the French would call “an internal kitchen”. It could even be argued that external support is counter-productive since there is a danger that it will be perceived as interventionist or agenda-driven. Furthermore, top-down approaches can damage the sense of ownership and buy-in which are crucial to locally driven initiatives.

Yet the PRIMED workshop showcased several examples of successful coalitions which have been steered – and, in two cases, initiated – by international partners. The mutual benefits of these relationships were clearly articulated. First and foremost, such partners can provide unique access to experience and expertise from comparable environments. The value of these peer-to-peer exchanges is self-evident. Local stakeholders are given the chance to see how similar challenges have been addressed and overcome by their counterparts in other countries. This approach works well when it comes to developing new legislation, regulatory structures or ethical codes.

The PRIMED team in Bangladesh is mentoring journalists from a regional newspaper, Daily Gramer Kagoj, among other outlets, to produce accurate and engaging online content. Credit: �鶹Լ�� Media Action Bangladesh

International support can boost local confidence

These exchanges can be instrumental in building ownership for results, as local stakeholders are empowered to decide what works for them and choose appropriate solutions. These capacity-building efforts can be rolled out in different ways – through remote exchanges between peers, through on-site mentoring or, in the case of the International Federation of Journalists’ efforts to develop a 'Declaration on Media Freedom in the Arab World', through an extensive online consultation bringing together experts from across the region.

Second, international support can be highly effective in boosting the confidence of local actors. Media practitioners often experience a sense of isolation: they believe their problems to be unique and that, in any case, the outside world is largely indifferent to the challenges they face. External support helps to demonstrate that they are not alone, that they have loyal allies in what can be a gruelling battle of wills between civil society actors and political elites. As noted Jane Chirwa at the Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) in Zambia, these partnerships can also help promote international benchmarks, which serve to set the aspirations of industry players and government stakeholders alike.

The third area highlighted by PRIMED workshop participants was the role of international partners in unlocking funding streams and coordinating the efforts of the wider development community. The latter is, in my view, crucial for international support efforts worldwide and is sadly lacking in many regions. Frictions exist between implementing organisations competing for grants. There is also a spirit of competition between donor agencies which share an understandable desire to fund the most innovative projects and remain ahead of the curve. The result is widespread duplication and a limited appetite for pooling resources.

Asking for what is needed

But, for me, one of the most interesting takeaways from the PRIMED workshop was the observation that local partners should feel empowered to request the kind of support they need. Too often donors and international agencies base their programmes on assumptions and preconceptions. In extreme cases, the unwritten mantra seems to be: “Our experience in similar environments tells us that this is what you need.” Moreover, an insistence on quick-wins and time-bound results means that donors are often unwilling to invest in a slow burn, even if it has greater potential to deliver long-term impact.

Coalition-building is the ultimate stress test for effective partnerships between international partners and local beneficiaries. Coalitions require a joined up approach that takes full advantage of the unique qualities and assets that each stakeholder has to offer. They require an ability to adapt to changing circumstances and seize opportunities as and when they arise. Most of all, they depend on long-term support from international partners who are prepared to acknowledge that progress will be slow and the rewards may be very different from those which were initially envisaged.

Donors are not known for having limitless patience or sharing an appetite for risk. But if they do not invest in initiatives which can foster an enabling environment for independent media to operate, their efforts to build capacity in other areas are likely to have muted resonance.

Michael Randall has worked in the media development sector for more than 20 years, mostly for �鶹Լ�� Media Action where he led large-scale projects aimed at promoting public interest journalism in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Michael currently works as an independent consultant, focusing on project design and development as well as monitoring, evaluation and learning.

PRIMED is a ground-breaking media support project in Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Sierra Leone, led by �鶹Լ�� Media Action with support from Free Press Unlimited, International Media Support, the Media Development Investment Fund, Global Forum for Media Development and The Communication Initiative, where a version of this blog first appeared. PRIMED is funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office.

Media 'extinction' and the gaping hole in anti-corruption efforts

2021-06-11T08:01:39+00:00

The pandemic has unleashed a global wave of government spending, much of it disbursed quickly, at scale and under difficult circumstances. With it have come concerns over fresh opportunities for corruption.

While much international effort has been dedicated to tackling corruption in recent years, little of it appears to have paid off. Transparency International concluded in their most recent global survey that “most countries have made little or no progress in tackling corruption in almost a decade”.

This lack of progress prompted a rare Special Session of the UN General Assembly last week, the climax of multiple similar regional and other preparatory meetings. Its main outcome was this long political statement.

As a media specialist, I confess consistent bafflement about much of the anti-corruption debate. I believe independent journalism is really effective in deterring corruption, and I often look to see if support for it is prioritised in anti-corruption efforts. When it isn’t – which is almost always – I wonder on what basis decisions are being made and strategies prioritised. The logic increasingly escapes me.

Almost every evidence review or research paper I read concludes that very few anti-corruption strategies appear to work. Professor Heather Marquette concludes in this just published Westminster Foundation for Democracy paper, It’s time to ‘do anti-corruption democratically’: “We also, frankly, don’t know if anti-corruption interventions succeed or fail because we don’t have accurate measures to work with.”

Curtailing media = rising corruption

That finding is consistent with multiple earlier evidence reviews. This 2015 review from the UK Department for International Development concluded that “direct anti-corruption interventions, which were especially prominent during the 1990s and 2000s, including efforts such as anti-corruption authorities, national anti-corruption strategies, and national anti-corruption legislation… were found to be ineffective in combating corruption”. In contrast, it found that the evidence available “consistently indicates [that] freedom of the press can reduce corruption and that the media plays a role in the effectiveness of other social accountability mechanisms.” The same paper concluded that when media freedom is curtailed, corruption tends to rise, finding evidence of “restrictions to press freedom leading to higher levels of corruption in a sample of 51 developed and developing countries”.

On a purely evidential assessment, it would seem that investing in support to independent media should be among the central planks of any anti-corruption strategy. Prioritising media support would also help solve the challenges that Marquette highlights of measuring the impact of anti-corruption initiatives. Let’s take just three categories of measurement.

One is correlation between the existence of a free press and reduced rates of corruption (and indeed the absence of a free press and increased rates of corruption). As well as constituting a central plank of democratic theory for centuries, evidence reviews, such as that cited above, conclude this correlation has shown to be strong.

The second is the volume of public assets returned to the public purse as result of investigative or other forms of journalism. The Organised Crime and Reporting Project (OCCRP) estimates that more than US$7 billion in fines and assets have been seized as a result of its investigations and those of its partners. That seems a pretty convincing measure.

The playbook of 'wannabe' dictators

The third is to assess where those intent on corruption – especially authoritarian leaders – focus their political and financial efforts in order to act with impunity. As this famous 2004 paper from Stanford University proved, neutralising independent media is top of the list. And as the V-Dem Institute concluded this year, “The playbook of ‘wannabe’ dictators seems to have been shared widely among leaders in (former) democracies. First, seek to restrict and control the media while curbing academia and civil society. Then couple these with disrespect for political opponents to feed polarisation while using the machinery of the government to spread disinformation. Only when you have come far enough on these fronts is it time for an attack on democracy’s core: elections and other formal institutions.”

If media wasn’t effective as a check on corruption, those who plan to be corrupt would not focus so much attention on neutralising it.

These are familiar arguments – that the role of, and support for, media is under-prioritised in anti-corruption discussions - which people like me have been making for years. Those arguments have had scant impact and last week’s UNGASS statement was only partially encouraging. The statement “notes with appreciation the important role of civil society, academia, the private sector and the media in identifying, detecting and reporting on cases of corruption”. It commits to “respect, promote and protect the freedom to seek, receive, disseminate and publish information concerning corruption, and ensure that the public has effective access to information, in accordance with the domestic laws of States.” And importantly, it strives “to provide a safe and adequate environment to journalists, and we will investigate, prosecute and punish threats and acts of violence, falling within our jurisdiction, committed against them.”

But, like almost all anti-corruption discussions, it assumes that one of society’s most important capacities to deter and expose corruption – an independent media – requires no active support. It does nothing to ensure the future viability of the independent media sector.

Single most important anti-corruption measure

Unfortunately for democracy and development, and for efforts to combat corruption, independent media are disappearing. The mainly advertising-based business model that has sustained independent media has eroded as advertising migrates to online platforms. The pandemic, and the associated infodemic characterised by huge volumes of disinformation (itself often deployed from governments and others to ensure impunity against corruption), have both highlighted how important independent journalism is in a crisis whilst dealing a further, sometimes fatal hammer blow to the finances of independent media. The pandemic has been estimated to have cost newspapers more than US$30 billion in lost revenue. The UN Secretary General himself three weeks ago gave his support to efforts to create a new International Fund for Public Interest Media. “We cannot afford to let the pandemic to lead to a media extinction event,” he said.

The single most important anti-corruption strategy a society can have is a free, independent, sustainable and pluralistic media sector. That, I’d argue, is a justifiable conclusion from the evidence base of what works and doesn’t. It is time to start supporting independent media.

One section of the UNGASS declaration might provide a platform from which to prioritise media support. It concerns the use of confiscated assets illegally acquired through corruption. The language is tortuous and highly provisional, but it urges consideration of “the Sustainable Development Goals in the use of returned assets” and “reinvesting funds for special purposes”.

The reinvestment of confiscated assets to support independent media, and especially investigative journalism, is an argument that organisations like OCCRP have been making for years, and an investigative journalism fund has been built into the design of the International Fund for Public Interest Media.

Anti-corruption strategies need to start factoring in that a failure to support independent media will hamper future anti-corruption efforts and prospects. And the weakening of what media remain will provide huge new opportunities for corruption. Those intent on corruption, who have often been most determined to attack, intimidate or co-opt independent journalism that threatens to expose them, can then look forward to sleeping more easily in their feather beds.

James Deane is Head of Policy for �鶹Լ�� Media Action, co-founder of the International Fund for Public Interest Media and consultant to Luminate on the Fund.

Now is the time for an International Fund for Public Interest Media

2020-04-28T14:12:43+00:00

In 2018, �鶹Լ�� Media Action asked whether the financial crisis confronting independent media around the world warranted a much more ambitious, better organised and resourced response from the international community. We proposed then the establishment of a new global fund, focused initially on resource-poor countries where the crisis was most acute.

Two years on, in the midst of a global pandemic in which trusted information is critical – and critically endangered – it is even more clear that this Fund is essential to the future of independent and public interest media.

In co-operation with, and with the support of, Luminate, a newly published, detailed feasibility study now outlines why such a Fund is so urgent, and how it could be set up, governed, resourced, structured and evaluated.

This study builds on almost a year of consultation and debate with media and media support organisations, donors, international organisations and others.

The case made for this Fund is ambitious. It needs to have resources of at least $100 million per year – but could usefully be 10 times that size. We argue that resources should come from official development assistance, which currently allocates just 0.2% to international media assistance, as well as technology companies and other philanthropic resources.

This Fund would make it much simpler to allocate additional funding to this politically complex area of assistance. Rather than the reorganisation of existing sources of media support, it would dramatically expand the resources available to support independent public interest media, especially in resource-poor settings, while lowering the transaction costs of development agencies and other donors, and increasing the legitimacy of financial support being provided to independent public interest media, as decisions on resources spend would be governed by an independent board. Media support would be more coherent, more co-ordinated and more consistent, with improved impact, impact assessment and learning of what works and does not work in this highly complex arena.

Much of this study was researched and written before the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic. That pandemic, and the associated ‘infodemic’ that is helping fuel it, has highlighted in even greater detail the critical importance of widespread public access to trustworthy information.

Yet this pandemic is accelerating the demise of many of the public interest media institutions best-placed to provide that trustworthy information. The Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism estimates that news organisations worldwide will lose more than $20 billion through the decline in advertising and other revenues brought about by the pandemic. Commentators now ask whether independent media in even the richest countries are going through an 'extinction event', as advertising revenues and other revenues collapse.

The idea of an International Fund for Public Interest Media is attracting increasing support. But it will take time to become reality. In the meantime, many independent media institutions, especially in resource poor countries, will face immense challenges.

�鶹Լ�� Media Action is also working with Luminate and others to build better coordination systems among the many individual funds and initiatives now emerging in response to the pandemic. Ultimately, however, an International Fund for Public Interest Media will be essential to rebuild public interest media after this crisis.

The first steps towards establishing this Fund are under way, as Luminate works with the MacArthur Foundation and other donors to establish an interim secretariat and hire an interim Executive Director. While �鶹Լ�� Media Action will not be directly involved in the establishment of the Fund, we will continue to do all we can to ensure this feasibility study does translate into reality. Amid this existential crisis for independent media, such a Fund can help secure these essential foundation stones of society.

For further information on the International Fund for Public Interest Media contact james.deane@uk.bbcmediaaction.org

James Deane is Head of Policy at �鶹Լ�� Media Action, currently consulting with Luminate to advance the International Fund for Public Interest Media proposition.

Maha Taki is Senior Adviser, Media Development at �鶹Լ�� Media Action.

Media’s existential crisis and the consequences for peace

2019-11-12T13:40:55+00:00

Independent media are vital to enabling peaceful and effective development. But that role has rarely been so endangered, with the consequences for governance and democracy so great. The international response to the threat is poorly prioritised and poorly organised.

The crisis confronting independent media around the world is a crisis of democracy, freedom and human rights. It is also a crisis with profound implications for development and peace.

This year marks the 20th anniversary of the publication of the classic work, Development as Freedom by Nobel Prize winning economist, Amartya Sen. “No famine has ever taken place in the history of the world in a functioning democracy,” he wrote, arguing elsewhere that the question of food and starvation could not be divorced from “the issue of liberties, of newspapers and ultimately of democracy.” This analysis holds remarkably true, but depends upon media being capable of playing its assumed role – able to expose wrongdoing, mismanagement or emerging crises, and to have public legitimacy sufficient that government feels impelled to respond.

Those assumptions are being challenged. Media institutions around the world, especially in resource-poor settings, are increasingly co-opted by those in, or close to, power. There is growing evidence that the public is losing trust and confidence in information and news, as online misinformation and disinformation flourishes. The business models capable of supporting public interest media are disappearing as advertising moves online. Many countries are losing the essential safety valve that Sen argued was vital if calamitous mistakes were not to be made.

An increasing risk of famine is just one probable consequence. Vaccination boycotts and attacks on health outreach workers prompted by misinformation campaigns are becoming increasingly common and are proving a major obstacle to the elimination of polio and a central factor in the resurgence of formerly manageable diseases such as measles.

The evidence that a free media acts as one of, if not the most, effective check on corruption is venerable and long standing. Fear of journalistic scrutiny helps explain the tragic escalation in killings and attacks on journalists documented by media freedom monitors in recent years. As free and independent media declines, incidences of corruption can be expected to increase, with concerning knock-on effects for development and social cohesion. Corruption is a principal driver of violent extremism and social unrest. Without media as a principal check on corruption, there are broader, deeply concerning consequences for governance.

Elections are becoming ever less democratic. Evidence is emerging of the manipulation of electoral processes principally through subverting information and communication spaces and controlling independent media. Elections are increasingly susceptible to manipulation by those adept at exploiting big data (and those who pay for such manipulation). Hate speech is on the rise and social cohesion, already often weak in fragile states, increasingly undermined. Misinformation and disinformation have become endemic, contributing to social tension and conflict, and access to trusted and trustworthy information from domestic media has declined.

The increasing fragmentation and fracturing of media has accompanied a decline in independent media capable of engaging people across societal divides, undermining society’s capacity to negotiate differences. The decline in channels for public debate, shared public spaces and trusted reference points for national public conversations is contributing to a rise in suspicion, blame and stigmatisation of the “other” in society.

There is a long and growing list of consequences of the loss of independent media, yet effective responses to the challenge have been scant. International response needs to be better prioritised, better organised and better resourced. Important new initiatives have emerged in recent months including the Information and Democracy Commission launched by Reporters without Borders and the July 2019 Defend Media Freedom conference organised by the UK and Canadian governments.

Another initiative, proposed by �鶹Լ�� Media Action, is the creation of a new, ambitious International Fund for Public Interest Media. Loosely modelled on the Global Fund for AIDS, TB and Malaria, it focuses on supporting independent media in settings where market failure is especially acute or media freedom especially under threat. With the support of Luminate, we have recently completed a consultation document outlining how such a Fund might be governed, structured and operated. Such a Fund would serve to galvanise international donor support, essential in protecting not only independent media, but the gains in peacebuilding and good governance to which they are essential.

The consultation document is available on request from the author.

Media freedom and rethinking support to independent media

2019-05-01T09:00:00+00:00

At �鶹Լ�� Media Action we are dedicated to the cause of media freedom – the principle that expression and communication through media is a right that should be exercised freely -which is at the very core of effective democracies and inclusive societies. This freedom can never be taken for granted, and cannot be exercised in many places around the world.

This World Press Freedom Day commemorates another dark year, with precipitous plunges in rankings on media freedom indices and increasing – and increasingly egregious – attacks on journalists, most notably the killing of Jamal Khashoggi.

Independent, sustainable public interest media are increasingly threatened, not just by laws and politics, but also by economics and the sheer pace of technological change. Each day, we see media co-opted by the powerful, and challenged to secure income that comes without strings attached, especially as more and more advertising revenue becomes concentrated in the pockets of those with a powerful hold over online eyeballs and clicks.

This crisis faced by public interest media, particularly in resource poor settings, is so great that we at �鶹Լ�� Media Action are working hard to apply fresh thinking, advance new strategies and mobilise substantial new resources to address it.

�鶹Լ�� Journalist, Hassan Arouni, interviewing members of the community in Sierra Leone

For 20 years, we have supported media freedom and strengthened media in fragile and developing countries, working with partners to develop conditions and skills in support of independent media which meet public needs and provide space for constructive public dialogue. Our work is rooted in the values and mission of the �鶹Լ�� in its focus on supporting independent media that is trusted, can engage as many parts of society as possible, and that works in the public interest. Our expertise spans financial sustainability; creative, editorial and production capabilities; governance and regulatory environments; and supporting networks to help build media’s resilience to political pressures.

In the last six years alone, we’ve supported independent media to enable informed public debate around more than ten elections, reaching over 124 million people. And we have some great success stories to share from our work with our partners around the world, in some very challenging contexts.

In Southern Iraq, public service broadcaster Radio Al Mirbad has grown from its founding in 2005 into a fully independent, highly influential local entity, supported by our distance mentoring, production and editorial advice. Some 81% of its weekly audience agree that Al Mirbad follows up and monitors the work of government, and 86% agree that it speaks for Iraqi citizens. The dedicated YouTube channel for its popular satirical videos has more than four million subscribers and 850 million lifetime views.

Community voices in Iraq- Al Mirbad

In Zambia, we have been working with local independent radio stations since 2011, to help them strengthen their capacity and improve their sustainability and community impact. Recent research shows that people who listened regularly to these radio programmes and outdoor debates on local issues were significantly more likely to feel that they could positively influence their community’s politics and governance issues over those who did not listen.

Mentoring programme in Zambia

In Tanzania, Haba na Haba (Slowly But Surely) is the nation’s most widely broadcast radio show. We produce this national, accountability-focused programme with local broadcast partners, who in turn make their own sister shows, each with their own brands and social media presence, which add around 500,000 listeners to the overall Haba na Haba audience, which now stands at 5 million people. These shows are now largely financially self-sustaining. Our team of mentors and producers are supporting these partners to prepare for the ultimate handover of the large national show, by building production skills and improving their commercial viability.

Haba na Haba community discussion

But despite the real significance of these successes, we believe that new ways of working in - and thinking about - media development are critical to turn the tide in favour of genuinely independent public interest media. Multi-level change and new alliances are needed to help build the skills, management structures and financial models required to support high-quality, balanced, independent editorial content. So, too, are supportive regulatory and legal reforms, paired with political will at all levels to call out repression of free media and abuses against journalists.

Donor support in this space is critical too - both to help address market failures and support the discovery and application of new media support strategies, fit for a changing world. And donors need to be armed with better information about how, where and when their support can be most effectively channelled.

The challenges remain immense. Alongside political attacks on media, the economic environment for independent public interest media is increasingly hostile, to the extent that in many fragile and resource poor settings, a market model barely exists. Cognisant of these challenges, in recent months we’ve been actively working with local, national and international organisations to explore how – together - we might do media development differently, and better.

What we think needs to change

We believe that media development must be clearly guided by locally-led, systems-wide strategies, rooted in robust market analysis. Bringing local actors together to identify key challenges and ways forward through structured, participatory processes is a critical first step. Multi-disciplinary expertise is then required to address the challenges identified on the ground, bringing in players from the private as well as not-for-profit sectors. At �鶹Լ�� Media Action, we are more committed than ever to playing our part in forming and collaborating with open and diverse partnerships to drive change.

We also need to do more to make sure that these strategies grapple with the tensions inherent in delivering media support in media landscapes fragmented by the unequal pace of technological change. Platforms that are trusted sources of information are no longer always the same as those capable of convening constructive public debate. To address this, in any context, we need to focus on supporting media partners who can do both. We also need to find ways to reach poor and marginalised audiences with public interest media now, whilst also devising approaches fit for purpose in a rapidly changing digital age.

Turbo-charging learning in this sector is critical too. While project level impact data and sharing on the effectiveness of media development initiatives have improved significantly in recent years, a clear evidence base on enabling financial viability and political resilience of independent media is sparse, especially in fragile and resource-poor settings. This evidence gap is widening as the environments in which independent media operates deteriorates, and exacerbated by a lack of opportunity to share evidence and then apply it to practical work on the ground. At �鶹Լ�� Media Action we want to do more to address this. One strategy we are actively pursuing with partners and donors is the establishment of a Media Development Lab, to substantially accelerate learning and sharing of learning in this field.

Finally, as well as helping to build the commercial viability of our local media partners we are arguing strongly for continued and committed international support to media development, in part through a Global Fund for Public Interest Media. With funding from Luminate, we are now carrying out a feasibility study, working in close collaboration with partners carrying out other international policy initiatives designed to further the critical cause of free, public interest around the world.

On World Press Freedom Day, we all feel keenly the threats posed to media freedom. Together we need to mark successes while committing to rethinking media support, to ensure that resilient, viable and independent media survive and thrive in this increasingly challenging landscape.

Is it time for an International Fund for Free and Independent Media?

2018-07-03T12:06:13+00:00

Recognition that free and independent media around the world is in deep trouble is growing. Most democratic countries understand with increasing alarm the impact that the current assault on media freedom is having on prospects for democracy, development and stability. Misinformation and disinformation preoccupy multiple policy debates. Shrinking civic spaces and the fixing of elections – often by intimidating, co-opting or distorting traditional and social media - form a mainstay of anxious commentary among those who care about freedom and democracy.

The response to all this, however, is a mess. There is a near absence of individual leadership from any democratic country let alone the development of a clear collective response from those countries most committed to freedom of expression. Many democracies are, themselves, implicated in attacking and intimidating journalists and media freedom. There are excellent media freedom and media development organisations fighting a rearguard action to protect fundamental freedoms, and this is an era of outstanding journalism, but the international response to supporting independent media around the world is fragmented, siloed and lacks impact. A recently released report from the National Endowment for Democracy Center for International Media Assistance concluded that “donors still only commit a tiny fraction to the [media assistance] sector and appear to be responding slowly, if at all, to the unique challenges of press freedom in the digital age.”

As a consequence, the fight to support independent media is being lost.

In recent weeks I have argued there is a need to bring fresh energy, creativity and intensity to efforts to support independent media. But these alone will not be enough. There is a fundamental problem of resources so I propose the creation of a new International Fund for Free and Independent Media focused in particular on resource poor societies and those societies where media freedom is under most pressure. The fund would support independent journalism, independent media institutions focused on serving the public interest, and other media and social efforts designed to underpin informed and fact based public debate.

I think it would solve several problems.

First, and most obviously, it would help solve the problem of money. Independent media, and the journalism it supports, decreasingly has a viable business model available to support it. This is of course a problem facing independent media everywhere as social media platforms attract the advertising that provided, until only a few years ago, the financial foundations for traditional media institutions. But it is far greater problem in fragile and resource poor countries where economic challenges are compounded by especially acute political ones. The co-option and capture of media by political, factional and other interests - which often have far greater financial backing than those available to independent media – is an even greater challenge. It is precisely because media is so effective at holding power to account that those political and other interests who need to avoid public scrutiny find it worthwhile investing heavily in setting up their own media or undermining media presenting a threat to their interests. An international fund would invest in strategies capable of making independent media organisations more economically viable but would also support other mechanisms – including exploring other models of public subsidy within these societies - capable of sustaining them in the long term. It would also support the development of professional skills and other initiatives necessary for media to serve the public interest and underpin informed and effective democratic societies. And the International Fund for Free and Independent Media could provide a way for people to directly support independent media around the world through private donations.

Second, an International Fund would solve the problem of transaction costs. Many donors – bilateral government donors, multilateral institutions and private philanthropic foundations – already support independent media. But, as the recent National Endowment for Democracy report demonstrates, that support is cumulatively tiny (0.3% of development assistance) as well as being disorganised and lacking strategy. A small number of foundations and a very small number of government donors have expert staff and long experience of supporting independent media and the International Fund would be intended to complement and not replace these. But the vast majority of donors, many of them with very substantial potential resources available to support independent media, have almost no staff focused on developing effective strategies, learning from what works and does not, and able to support an area that they often consider to be too political, difficult and time consuming in terms of grant management. Many bilateral development donors, in particular, often consider media support an important priority but don’t feel they have the administrative capacity or infrastructure to spend money well in this area. The same donors are under pressure to reduce administrative costs and are highly unlikely to increase their in house expertise and capacity in this area in a meaningful way. A International Fund would solve that problem.

Third, it would help solve the problem of independence and would immunise funding to independent media from undue donor – and especially governmental – influence. Many media support organisations find it uncomfortable to accept governmental funding because they feel it represents either an actual or perceived threat to their independence. An International Fund with the right governance structure would ensure that would not be the case.

Finally, it would provide better impact, effectiveness and strategic clarity. The International Fund would be committed to ensuring that investment strategies are rooted in the best available evidence and learning about what works in supporting independent media. It would look to develop long term strategies that many existing donor efforts find especially difficult. And it would be have the capacity to experiment and innovate in an extremely fast changing environment. It would also need to invest in its own research and evidence base given the relative paucity of excellent research currently available. And it would have the convening power to better organise and crystallise the often disjointed and mono-disciplinary research efforts that do currently exist in this field.

There is much work to do before this proposal could become a reality. Care would need to be taken not to compete with excellent existing media support efforts, including the Media Development Investment Fund. But the International Fund would focus explicitly on resource poor settings where markets are weak, freedoms are especially endangered and where a financial return on investment, however desirable, would not be a condition of spending.

The governance of the Fund would require careful design and consideration. The majority of its board would need to be derived from, or at least highly credible to and respected by, independent journalists and media. The main donors to the fund, who would include bilateral agencies from governments committed to democracy and media freedom, would also need appropriate representation. The Global Fund for AIDS, TB and Malaria (which has donors, people affected by HIV and other related issues and other stakeholders on its board) would provide the beginnings of a model. Strong representation from the Global South would also be necessary. Its governance structure would need to guarantee its immunity to government or other political influence. It would also need to be independent from any existing media support organisation or other entity which it may end up supporting. The strategic priorities of the Fund would need to be developed once sufficient appetite for such an initiative was established (I have put forward some of my own ideas recently).

For this proposal to gain traction, an initial group of donors would need to express interest in at least exploring its potential. I am an adviser (informal and sometimes formal) to several bilateral, multilateral and foundation donors and believe that there may be an appetite for such an initiative, although I should make it clear this idea has not been discussed with any of them. The Fund would only be worthwhile if the resources invested in it very substantially exceed what would have been allocated to media development in the first place so it would need to demonstrate that its administrative costs would make it cost effective to those investing in it.

There are some hopes that a meeting of bilateral, multilateral and foundation donors will take place later this year to discuss how best to support free and independent media and I would hope this proposal could be on the agenda.

James Deane is Director, Policy and Research at �鶹Լ�� Media Action.

james.deane@bbc.co.uk

�鶹Լ�� Media Action is the international development charity of the �鶹Լ��. Any views expressed in this or other blogs should not be taken to represent those of the �鶹Լ�� itself.

The faults, fissures and connections between media development and social and behaviour change communication

2018-05-21T08:00:00+00:00

This year’s World Press Freedom Day celebrations were two weeks after the largest ever conference focused on Social and Behaviour Change communication (SBCC). The two worlds, which I sometimes uncomfortably straddle, have a history of not connecting.

The SBCC Summit had a broad agenda, ranging from mass media outputs to reduce maternal mortality to behavioural economics and artificial intelligence. The relationship between those using media in these ways and those supporting independent journalism has been a source of tension and disagreement over decades. But as support to both independent media and social and behaviour change communication (also called “communication for development”) appears to be growing, including in donor strategies, it is worth asking whether this tension is really justified.

The disagreements work in both directions, but if we are to achieve the concerted and connected action necessary to support healthy democratic information and communication environments in the 21st century we must avoid unnecessary arguments. This is one we need to get over.

Often independent media organisations in developing countries see social and behaviour change communication as instrumental and, at worst, actively undermining them. They sometimes resent the appropriation of broadcast airwaves and news pages with paid for messages apparently telling people what to do and what to think. They resent large budgets spent trying to “train journalists” to write on favoured issues of development NGOs and donors with little or no investment going to the institutions and journalistic architecture necessary to support a strong media sector. They feel journalism exists to hold all actors in society to account, especially those with power and money which includes many development actors, so they are cautious about attempts to “get them on board” with a development communication agenda.

Social and behaviour change communication practitioners have their own concerns. They witness the issues they see as crucial to saving lives routinely sensationalised and misrepresented in journalistic reporting in ways that increase stigma, prejudice and fear. Whether the issue is domestic violence or HIV, malaria or safe handwashing, preparation against natural disaster or getting girls into school, they see much to be gained from encouraging better journalism and public communication around issues which are matters of life and death to millions. They are baffled by the resistance to these efforts by some media development actors.

I have found myself at different times vehemently agreeing with each side. Working with �鶹Լ�� Media Action colleagues on a policy briefing on the media of Nepal recently, the level of anger we found directed at international NGOs - for what many journalists considered substantial capture of the broadcast airwaves - was acute. They complained bitterly that international paid for content of little relevance or resonance to communities was taking the place of local issues and voices. What the Nepali media – including community media – needed, they said, was funding so that they could be what they should be, not the mouthpieces of international development actors.

On the other hand, I spent much time in the 1980s and 1990s working with others to raise public understanding of HIV/AIDS issues in the countries where the virus was spreading most rapidly. Media coverage in these countries was often deeply damaging to the response especially in its stigmatisation of people with HIV/AIDS. Worse still, there were cases where even serious news organisations in the West denied the links between HIV and AIDS. I think some of this reporting had a real chilling effect which prevented policy action focusing on HIV for some time. An epidemic of roughly 4 million people being infected in the mid-1980s transmuted into a pandemic of almost 30 million by the time affordable treatments became available in the early 2000s. To this day I get irritated by media development organisations talking about social and behaviour change communication as being all about “AIDS messaging” when the best organisations responding to the pandemic were as focused on generating voice and dialogue as they were on information provision.

There are examples of work across both fields that show I am not the only one to see these divides as unhelpful.
Leading media development organisations like the Gabriel Garcia Marquez Foundation (Foundation for a new IberoAmerican Journalism), ANDI or AMARC have a clear focus on achieving social change and advancing development objectives. Most media development organisations justify their receipt of development funding by arguing that they contribute to improved development outcomes – even if that is couched in terms of improving accountability or social cohesion. A central thrust of media development action in recent years has been to position independent media as a key concern of international development actors, including concerted (and successful) advocacy by organisations like the Global Forum for Media Development to get the issue integrated into the Sustainable Development Goals.

And the “SBCC” field increasingly recognises that change happens through dialogue, debate and action rather than messaging. Two decades ago, the “SBCC” field was a “BCC” one focused largely on achieving individual level behaviour changes. The “Social” is now centre stage as we understood that improvements in family planning owed more to the women’s liberation movement than it did to improved awareness of contraception, that preventing the spread of HIV owed more to the empowerment and action of those affected by the virus than it did to communication around wearing condoms. Today, communication is increasingly about social change whether in the form of the #MeToo movement, new forms of identity politics, or communities in Sierra Leone organising themselves to plan for when Ebola might strike. Debate and dialogue requires healthy, independent information and communication spaces.

There is also increased recognition in the SBCC field that techniques to achieve shifts in behaviour are becoming ever more sophisticated and effective. Behavioural economics provides a powerful positive addition to the options of approaches available but the role of Cambridge Analytica and the capacity to meld advances in behavioural psychology with big data and online communication provide deeply concerning prospects for what “social and behavioural change” might look like in the future. So the SBCC field is increasingly focused on developing clear ethical frameworks for its work and leading the debate on “who decides” what norms get shifted and which behaviours get changed.

An emphasis on people is a key way to bridge these divides. Media development actors believe that people need information and platforms for public debate to take and influence the decisions that shape their lives. So too do social and behaviour change communication actors. The former may mostly focus on, for example, decisions around how to exercise democratic rights (most obviously around electoral choices). The latter may focus on having the information to decide to decide to have your child vaccinated against polio. These may sound very different arenas but let’s take polio. The principal challenge of eradicating polio in recent years has not been a lack of a vaccine, a functioning system to deliver that vaccine or lack of public awareness. In a small number of countries it has been rumours and misconceptions – often fanned through social media –that the vaccine is a Western plot. Ultimately, efforts to eradicate polio rest on access to information that the people most affected by an issue can trust and relate to their lives. That is the preserve as much of media development as it is of social and behaviour change communication.

There are encouraging signs of improved organisation within these fields and across them. On the media development side, the Global Forum for Media Development has become an increasingly effective and organised network of media development actors working together to improve the credibility, effectiveness and importance of the field. A new alliance – the “Global Alliance for Social and Behaviour Change Communication: building informed and engaged societies” has been formed through the leadership of several organisations, especially Unicef and the Communication Initiative (my organisation is or will be a member of both). I hope that an agreement will be reached to at least connect and cooperate with each other.

James Deane is Director of Policy and Research at �鶹Լ�� Media Action. He is also on the international steering committee of the Global Forum for Media Development and on the advisory board of the Communication Initiative. He is an adviser to the OECD Development Assistance Committee Governance Network focused on improving donor coordination around media assistance and has provided strategic support to networks of philanthropic organisations focused on media support.

From impatient optimism to sober and determined realism: What needs to happen next?

2018-05-03T08:00:00+00:00

Many more issues and strategies can be considered but, ultimately, there is little point considering them unless there is space to properly organise the 21st century approaches necessary for media assistance to succeed.

Several things need to happen.

First, those funding international support to the media need to link up more to share learning of what they think works and what doesn't. This has not happened successfully in the past but signs are emerging that it can now. Private philanthropic foundations – such as the Omidyar, Ford, Open Society, Gates, Rockefeller, MacArthur and Knight Foundations - are leading the way in sharing information and strategic thinking between them better than even a year or two ago. Bilateral agencies (especially long standing supporters of independent media like the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Swiss Development Cooperation and now DFID) are re-examining and reprioritising media support while reaching out to other donors to explore how they can learn from each other. The OECD Development Assistance Committee Governance Network (full disclosure: I advise it) has provided the most valuable space in recent months and years for these issues to be prioritised and examined, and there are hopes of a more intensive level of communication between donors on the issues as a result. The National Endowment for Democracy Center for International Media Assistance is playing a particularly strong role here.

Such conversations have always proved challenging. Various donors have often had different agendas and objectives ranging from supporting independent media as an intrinsic public good (something that is thankfully being reprioritised) to seeing it as a means to improve specific development objectives (improving accountability, fostering greater social cohesion, challenging misinformation, shifting societal norms around gender for example). But the conditions for a really coherent and productive donor conversation in this area have rarely been more fertile.

The second is between practitioners and donors. I will be candid here: media assistance donors (with some exceptions) do not always have a good reputation among practitioners. Practitioners have, with at least modest success, tried to create a more coherent sector. Through the Global Forum for Media Development in particular very different - often competing - organisations talk to each other, share analysis and information, and at least start to work towards better coordination mechanisms and generate advocacy for what is needed to improve public interest media. GFMD has sought to give its developing country/non-western members interests special prominence.

The same has not happened among donors. The efforts at donor coordination highlighted above are welcome but late, and the feeling in the sector is that donors frequently chop and change priorities, pay little attention to evidence (and insufficiently invest in it), and invest too little in their own lesson learning. Some have acknowledged this. A particularly welcome EU study revealed just how little the EU knew what it was funding in this space, let alone understanding what worked and did not work. As a result it has now set up a new technical resource to advise it in the future. Practitioners tend to know a great deal about the problems they are working to solve but that knowledge is not always well captured by donors. There needs to be better information sharing here. There are particular dangers that failed strategies of the past will be repeated.

Third, and perhaps most important, is for the rest of the development community to recognise just how critical a free and independent media that's capable of underpinning informed democratic societies is to sustaining, and advancing, human progress. Even within most governance support strategies, let alone across the rest of the Sustainable Development Goal agenda, media support issues are poorly prioritised.

And finally, there is a need for a much stronger research base which, as noted above, is interdisciplinary in nature. I have found it curious that the most insightful and useful research we tend to use emanates from economists and political scientists, not from media scholars.

To be taken seriously in the media assistance space in recent years, especially in the digital space, it has been important to cultivate a persona of “impatient optimism”. But I believe we are in serious trouble and do not currently have the strategies, sector wide architectures, resources, research or learning systems to make the kind of difference to 21st century media and communication systems that sustainable and functioning democracies and a sustainable development agenda needs. We have much good practice to build on but there is a poor collective record of building on it.

Making a real difference will take years, and optimism has proved neither warranted nor particularly effective. We need fresh approaches, new determination and a collective preparedness – not least from donors – to commit ourselves for a long haul. Pessimism is not energising, but a fresh and sober realism may be our best starting point for the road ahead.

James Deane is the Director of Policy and Research at �鶹Լ�� Media Action

The fifth blog in this series explores the relationship between media development and Social and Behaviour Change Communication.

Supporting independent media institutions: some �鶹Լ�� Media Action thinking

2018-05-01T16:18:05+00:00

The challenges highlighted in the first two blogs have, for some time, prompted much reappraisal and shifts in strategies by many media support organisations, �鶹Լ�� Media Action included.

Working in fragile states where media markets were weak, we shifted our strategy in order to support and strengthen media institutions by co-producing or supporting the production of content which could deliver clear benefits to people: increasing their capacity to hold power to account, improving political participation, and fostering dialogue in increasingly polarised societies.

We were especially proud of our capacity to work with a huge diversity of media partners – community, commercial, social as well as national public service or state broadcasters – to reach well over 200 million people a year. Embedded within our cooperation, the work included intensive training, supporting organisational development and building sustainability. We have also been proud of our investments in research – in understanding what people want and expect from their media, and in better measurement and learning systems (including within our capacity building work).

We have much evidence to suggest that we have achieved a great deal of impact through the projects we have implemented in recent years and we are proud of our record. But in terms of building really strong, economically viable, lasting media institutions, our record like (we suspect) many others, is more patchy. We want to find fresh approaches to overcome these challenges and make public interest media programmes and public interest media institutions more sustainable.

We are looking at different models for doing this but, to take one example, we have a strong reputation for the research we do, particularly in understanding the information and communication realities, expectations and needs of people in society. We are looking at how our audience research, in particular, can be put to more use by our partners so that they can sell advertising off the back of it. And how we can draw on our own research expertise (much of it residing in our country offices) to build the audience research capacity of independent media partners.

We are looking at how not only to support the sustainability of traditional media partners but also the social media platforms we have supported. Many of these are playing the same role as a public service broadcaster but at far less cost and potentially with much better long-term prospects than (say) transforming state broadcasters (although we are not giving up on that). The long running Al Mirbad radio station in Iraq (which we helped found in 2005) now has almost 1.4 million followers on Facebook and 1.8 million subscribers on YouTube. El Kul our online news and current affairs show for Libyans is among the top five most active Facebook pages in the country.

We are looking at how some of the success we have achieved in our in-depth mentoring programmes in countries like Zambia, Tanzania and Nepal (where journalist trainers provide on site support for several months at a time) can be adapted elsewhere. And we want to work with our partners to examine in more depth why some of the programmes we support cannot be better monetised. The programmes - public debates, dramas, and online news platforms - that we support our partners to produce, often reach huge audiences, more than one third of the adult population of some of the countries in which we operate. That suggests there is a market for public interest media that commands trust and that there might be ways to fund it commercially.

And yet when we stop supporting such programmes, our partner broadcasters too often replace them with imported programmes or other content that does little to underpin public debate (although there are encouraging instances where they are continued). While this might seem a puzzle (why not produce the same programmes themselves to the same standards and sell lots of advertising off the back of it?) - we know why this is the case. The programmes we support are intensively researched (so they respond to the issues people want to talk about), they are highly inclusive (so the people involved are representative of the whole of the country especially the economically and politically marginalised), they are fiercely independent (which takes a great deal of negotiation with powerful interests) and they address really difficult issues (which in countries like Afghanistan makes organising them a significant security operation).

All that makes them valued, impactful and popular but also more complex to produce than alternatives that can fill prime time slots. It is often a better commercial equation simply to replace them with programmes that are sometimes cheaper and generally less political even if that means some drop in audience numbers. Confronting these challenges is just one of the matters that we need to get better at.

These are the just some examples of the work of one institution. Really making a difference will require a sector wide approach and we need much better systems of coordination and strategic coherence to do that successfully. That is the subject of my next blog.

James Deane is the Director of Policy and Research at �鶹Լ�� Media Action